Battle Royal Read online

  26. John Fraser, The Secret of the Crown: Canada’s Affair with Royalty (Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2012), 92–93.

  Chapter 5: Do the Right Thing

  1. Michael Valpy, “The Crisis: A Narrative,” in Parliamentary Democracy in Crisis, ed. Peter H. Russell and Lorne Sossin (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 14–15.

  2. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 2015 Student Edition, 9.39–9.40.

  3. Eugene A. Forsey, The Royal Power of Dissolution of Parliament in the British Commonwealth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1943), ch. 6.

  4. MacKinnon, The Crown in Canada, 127–31; J.R. Mallory, The Structure of Canadian Government, rev. ed. (Toronto: Gage, 1984), 53–55; Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 2015 Student Edition, 9.29–9.30; Patrick Monahan, Constitutional Law, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2006), 73–77.

  5. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 2015 Student Edition, 9.30–9.31.

  6. Rodney Brazier, Constitutional Practice: The Foundations of British Government, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 49–50.

  7. C.E.S (Ned). Franks, “To Prorogue or Not to Prorogue: Did the Governor General Make the Right Decision?” in Russell and Sossin, Parliamentary Democracy in Crisis, 35.

  8. Ibid., 33–34.

  9. Steven Chase, “Jean Feared ‘Dreadful Crisis’ When Harper Sought Prorogation: Ex Adviser,” Globe and Mail, June 25, 2012, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/michaelle-jean-feared-dreadful-crisis-when-harper-sought-prorogation-ex-adviser/article4370133.

  10. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 2015 Student Edition, 9–38.

  11. Chase, “Jean Feared ‘Dreadful Crisis’ When Harper Sought Prorogation.”

  12. Ibid.

  13. Andrew Heard, “The Governor General’s Suspension of Parliament: Duty Done or a Perilous Precedent?” in Russell and Sossin, Parliamentary Democracy in Crisis, 52.

  14. Lawrence Martin, Harperland: The Politics of Control (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2010), 187–88.

  15. Andrew Heard, “The Reserve Powers of the Crown: The 2008 Prorogation in Hindsight,” in The Evolving Canadian Crown, ed. Jennifer Smith and D. Michael Jackson (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012), 93–94.

  16. Heard, “The Governor General’s Suspension of Parliament,” 60.

  17. John McElroy, “B.C. Green Party agrees to support NDP in legislature,” CBC News, May 29, 2017. www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-ndp-green-agreement-1.4136539.

  18. Justin McElroy and Richard Zussman, “Why Lt. Gov. Judith Guichon rejected Christy Clark’s advice and allowed the NDP to form government,” CBC News, June 30, 2017. www.cbc.ca/beta/news/canada/british-columbia/government-house-stakeout-clark-horgan-guichon-1.41855404.

  19. Eugene A. Forsey, Freedom and Order: Collected Essays (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974), 48.

  20. Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution (London: Fontana/Collins, 1867, 1963), 98.

  21. Andrew Heard, Canadian Constitutional Conventions, 37–38; Brazier, Constitutional Practice: The Foundations of British Government, 3rd ed., 193–96.

  22. Heard, Canadian Constitutional Conventions, 28.

  23. Monahan, Constitutional Law, 3rd ed., 74–75; Heard, Canadian Constitutional Conventions, 32–33. Cited quotation found in Heard.

  24. Heard, Canadian Constitutional Conventions, 43–44.

  Chapter 6: We the People

  1.David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 927.

  2. Ibid., 918.

  3. Michael Valpy, “The Monarchy: Offshore, but Built In,” Globe and Mail, November 13, 2009, www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/the-monarchy-offshore-but-built-in/article4292569.

  4. Thomas Paine, “Common Sense,” in Common Sense and Other Political Writings, The American Heritage Series (New York: The Liberal Arts Press, 1953), 16.

  5. David E. Smith, The Republican Option in Canada, Past and Present (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), ch. 2.

  6. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, ed. M.I. Finley, trans., Rex Warner (London: Penguin Classics, 1954), book 2.34–2.46.

  7. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 2005), 586.

  8. United States, The Constitution of the United States, Preamble.

  9. Jackson, The Crown and Canadian Federalism, 206.

  10. Ninette Kelley and Michael Trebilcock, The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 314.

  11. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, xiii.

  12. Michael Bliss, Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Chrétien (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2004), 237.

  13. Jackson, The Crown and Canadian Federalism, 198, 202.

  14. Ibid., 228.

  15. Ibid., 202–04, 228.

  16. Jackson, The Crown and Canadian Federalism, 225–27.

  17. Ibid., 226; David E. Smith, The Invisible Crown: The First Principle of Canadian Government (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013), 48–52.

  18. Jackson, The Crown and Canadian Federalism, 227.

  19. Chris Wattie, “Manley Calls for End of Monarchy,” National Post, October 5, 2002. www.canadian-republic.ca/national_post_10_05_02_htm.

  20. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, xvi; Italics in original.

  21. Note that the last Queen of England was Anne I in 1707, who subsequently became the Queen of the United Kingdom following the Act of Union of that year joining together England, Wales, and Scotland.

  22. Julie Smyth, “Rideau Hall’s New Look,” National Post, April 7, 2007, A3.

  23. Jackson, The Crown and Canadian Federalism, 232.

  24. Peter H. Russell, “Educating Canadians on the Crown — A Diamond Jubilee Challenge,” in Jackson and Lagassé, Canada and the Crown, 83.

  25. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, xiii.

  26. Althia Raj, “One in Five Canadians Think the Queen Should Stay Home: Poll,” Toronto Sun, May 31, 2010. www.torontosun.com/news/Canada/2010/05/31/14205911.html.

  27. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, xv.

  28. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Monarchy/Republic Polls in Canada, 1991–2010,” www.canadian-republic.ca/polls.html.

  29. Ibid.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Ipsos-Reid, “While Half (48%) of Canadians Say They Would Prefer a U.S. Style Republic System of Government with an Elected Head of State, and Two-Thirds (65%) Believe the Royals Should Not Have Any Formal Role and Are ‘Simply Celebrities’ … Eight-in-Ten (79%) Support the Constitutional Monarchy as Canada’s Form of Government,” February 3, 2002, www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/publication/2002-02/mr020203.pdf.

  32. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Monarchy/Republic Polls in Canada.”

  33. Ibid.

  34. Diana Mehta, “English Canada Monarchy Poll Shows Growing Support to Maintain It,” Canadian Press, May 24, 2012.

  35. Josh Visser, “Prince George Boosts Popularity of the Monarchy in Canada (Provided Charles Isn’t King): Poll,” National Post, July 29, 2013.

  36. Nicole Thompson, “Canadians Like the Queen, Less Enamoured With Her Heir: Survey.” Canadian Press, April 18, 2016. www.ctv news.ca/mobile/canadians-like-the-queen-less-enamoured-with-her-heir-survey-1.2863218.

  Chapter 7: The Great Debate I

  1. Paxman, On Royalty, 288.

  2.Andrew Coyne, “Defending the Royals: Why Canada Needs the Monarchy,” Maclean’s, November 13, 2009. www.macleans.ca/news/canada/defending-the-royals.

  3. John D. Whyte, “A Case for the Republican Option,” in Jackson and Lagassé, Canada and the Crown, 119–37.

  4. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Our Goals,” www.canadian-republic.ca/goals.html.
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  5. Paine, Common Sense and Other Political Writings, 14.

  6. Margaret Wente, “A Royal Pain: Take My Queen — Please,” Globe and Mail, February 7, 2002.

  7. Jeffrey Cunningham, “Dumping Monarchy Would Strengthen Country,” Halifax Chronicle Herald, June 23, 2014. http://thechronicle herald.ca/opinion/1217816-dumping-monarchy-would-strengthen-country.

  8. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Our Goals.”

  9. Whyte, “A Case for the Republican Option”; Michael Bliss, “Debate: It’s Time to Retire the Royals,” National Post, January 21, 2011, http://nationalpost.com/opinion/debate-its-time-to-retire-the-royals; McWhinney, The Governor General and the Prime Ministers.

  10. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, 189.

  11. See, for example, Sally Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen, 7, and Kenneth Rose, King George V (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), 35.

  12. H.R.H. Edward, Duke of Windsor, A King’s Story, 289.

  13. MacKinnon, The Crown in Canada, 37.

  14. Ibid., 15.

  15. Ibid., 122.

  16. Ibid., 27.

  17. Monarchist League of Canada, “Myths about the Monarchy,” www.monarchist.ca/index.php/our-monarchy/myths-about-the-monarchy.

  18. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, 94.

  19. Valpy, “The Monarchy: Offshore, but Built In.”

  20. Paxman, On Royalty, 212.

  21. Andrew Morton, 17 Carnations: The Royals, the Nazis and the Biggest Cover-up in History (New York: Grand Central, 2015).

  22. Russell, “Educating Canadians on the Crown,” 79–80.

  23. Ian Holloway, “The Law of Succession and the Canadian Crown,” in Jackson and Lagassé, Canada and the Crown, 115.

  24. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Our Goals.”

  Chapter 8: The Great Debate II

  1. Tony Blair, “Blair Pays Tribute to Diana,” BBC News, August 31, 1997, www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/blairreact.html.

  2. Paxman, On Royalty, 283.

  3. Fraser, The Secret of the Crown, 181–82.

  4. Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch, 220.

  5. Ibid., 392, 508.

  6. Starkey, Crown and Country; Jonathan Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales: A Biography (New York: William Morrow, 1994); Catherine Mayer, Charles: The Heart of a King (London: W.H. Allen, 2015).

  7. Mayer, Charles: The Heart of a King, 31–32.

  8. H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, with Tony Juniper and Ian Skelly, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 322.

  9. Ibid., 324–25.

  10. Mayer, Charles: The Heart of a King, 179–88; Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales, 235–41; Prince’s Trust, www.princes-trust.org.uk.

  11. Starkey, Crown and Country, 500.

  12. Royal Household, “Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother,” www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother.

  13. Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch, 379.

  14. Sarah Bradford, Elizabeth: A Biography of Britain’s Queen (New York: Riverhead, 1997).

  15. Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch, 77.

  16. Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales, 57.

  17. Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch, 160.

  18. Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales, 313.

  19. Ibid., 437.

  20. Rob Evans, Robert Booth, and Rowena Mason, “Court Clears Way for Release of Secret Prince Charles Letters,” Guardian Weekly, April 3, 2015, 15.

  21. BBC News, “Prince Charles ‘Tried to Influence Government Decisions,’” June 9, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-28066081.

  22. Editorial, “Warning to Prince Charles,” Guardian Weekly, April 3, 2015, 22.

  23. Andrew Morton, Diana: Her True Story — In Her Own Words (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 251.

  24. Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales, 286.

  25. Morton, Diana: Her True Story.

  26. Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales, 395.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch, 331, 334–35, 387.

  29. Paxman, On Royalty, 235.

  30. Bedell Smith, Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch, 337.

  31.Victoria Murphy, “‘The Philippines Must Be Half Empty, You’re All Here Running the NHS’: Duke’s Hospital Visit Gaffe,” Mirror, February 21, 2013, www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/prince-philip-duke-edinburgh-makes-1720567.

  32. BBC News, “Harry Says Sorry for Nazi Costume,” http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4170083.stm.

  33. Ed Payne, “Photos of Naked Prince Harry Surface in Las Vegas,” CNN Entertainment, August 23, 2012, www.cnn.com/2012/08/22/showbiz/prince-harry-photos.

  34. Andrew Morton, 17 Carnations, 54–55.

  35. Ibid., 162–64.

  36. Ibid., 169.

  37. Ibid., 178.

  38. Ibid., 193.

  39. Ibid., 212–13.

  40. Polly Toynbee, “Queen’s Diamond Jubilee: A Vapid Family and a Mirage of Nationhood. What’s to Celebrate?” Guardian Weekly, May 31, 2012. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may31/queen-diamond-jubilee-why-celebrate.

  Chapter 9: Quests and Quagmires

  1. Australian Electoral Commission, “1999 Referendum,” www.aec.gov.au/elections/referendums/1999_Referendum_Reports_Statistics/1999.htm.

  2. Peter Boyce, “The Australian Monarchy in the Twenty-First Century,”in Smith and Jackson, The Evolving Canadian Crown, 177–79; Australian Election Commission, “1999 Referendum Report and Statistics,” www.aec.gov.au/elections/referendums/1999_Referendum_Reports_Statistics.

  3. Canada, Constitution Act, 1982, S. 41. The other four privileged items are as follows: the right of a province to a number of seats in the House of Commons not less than the number of senators by which the province is entitled to be represented; the use of the English or French language in federal institutions; the composition of the Supreme Court of Canada; and an amendment to the amendment procedures themselves.

  4. See, for example, Evan Solomon, “Canada’s Five Biggest Challenges in 2017,” Maclean’s, January 4, 2017, www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-five-biggest-challenges-facing-canada-in-2017; John Paul Tasker, “Top 5 Political Issues to Watch in 2016,” CBC News, December 31, 2015, www.cbc.ca/news/politics/top-five-political-issues-2016-1.3374822; Joan Bryden, “Ten Challenges Facing Trudeau’s Government in 2016,” Canadian Press, December 28, 2015, www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ten-challenges-facing-trudeau-govern­ment-in-2016-1.2715854.

  5. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Our Goals.”

  6. Globe Editorial, “The Way Forward with Canada’s Maple Crown,” Globe and Mail, November 14, 2009, www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/the-way-forward-with-canadas-maple-crown/article4196485.

  7. CBC News, “Former Astronaut Julie Payette to Be Canada’s Next Governor General,” www.cbc.ca/news/politics/governor-general-canada-julie-payette-1.4201614.

  8. CBC News, “Trudeau Defends His Choice for Governor General Amid Revelations About Her Past,” www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-payette-defends-governor-general-1.4214267.

  9. Aaron Wheery, “Countdown Begins for Julie Payette’s New Life as Governor General,” CBC News, www.cbc.ca/news/politics/julie-payette-governor-general-space-analysis-wheery-1.4203592.

  10. Peter H. Russell, Two Cheers for Minority Government: The Evolution of Canadian Parliamentary Democracy (Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 2008), ch. 1.

  11. Bob Hepburn, “The Queen: Three Steps for Canada to Replace the Monarchy,” Toronto Star, May 30, 2012, www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/2012/05/30/the_queen_three_steps_for_canada_to_replace_the_monarchy.htm.

  12. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Our Goals.”

  13. Ibid. />
  14. Supreme Court of Canada, Reference re Senate Reform 2014 SCC 32 at 15, 22–24.

  15. McWhinney, The Governor General and the Prime Minister, 125.

  16. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Frequently Asked Questions,” www.canadian-republic.ca/faq.html.

  17. Ian Holloway, “The Law of Succession and the Canadian Crown,” 111.

  18. D. Michael Jackson, The Crown and Canadian Federalism (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2013), 236–37.

  19. Holloway, “The Law of Succession and the Canadian Crown,” 112.

  20. Citizens for a Canadian Republic, “Frequently Asked Questions.”

  21. Canada, Statutes of Canada, Interpretation Act, 1985. Section 35.1.

  22. Rob Nicholson, “Changing the Line of Succession to the Crown,” Canadian Parliamentary Review 36 (Summer 2013): 8–9.

  23. Garry Toffoli and Paul Benoit, “More Is Needed to Change the Rules of Succession in Canada,” Canadian Parliamentary Review 36 (Summer 2013): 2–11.

  24. Philippe Lagassé, “A Royal Mess,” In Defence of Westminster (blog), August 27, 2014, https://lagassep.com/2014/08/27/a-royal-mess.

  25. James Bowden, “Professors of Law Motard and Taillon Challenge Canada’s Succession Law,” Parliamentum (blog), https://parliamentum.org/2013/06/07/constitutional-lawyers-challenge-the-succession-to-the-throne-act/. The full document concerning the “Motion to Institute Proceedings for Declaratory Judgment” is available from a link in this article.

  26. Michel Bédard, Legislative Summary of Bill C-35: Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, Publication No. 41-1-C53-E (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 2013), 8.

  27. Tom Freda, “On Victoria Day, Think About Ending the Monarchy in Canada,” Huffington Post, May 17, 2015, www.huffingtonpost.ca/tom-freda/canada-monarchy_b_7299102.html.

  28. Motard c. Canada (Procureure générale) 2016 QCCS 588.

  29. Ibid.

  Chapter 10: The Queen Is Dead; Long Live the King

  1. The following description of Charles’s future coronation is based upon that of his mother in 1953.

  2. Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution, 273.